Sunday, April 27, 2025

Conlang Scratchpad Spectacular

Since I have finally managed to get a couple posts out on my PIE conlang, I figured I might as well do a roundup of all the other ideas swirling around in my head. Some of these are decently sketched out, some are just idle musings that will never see the light of day, some are somewhere in the middle.

I suppose this qualifies as a slush post, so here are all the other slush piles:

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8.5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16

1. Early Indo-European (“Onion Bubsian”)

I’ve already posted about this one here and here.

Progress: Still chipping away. I have the phonology where I want it to be, but figuring out the steps to get from Point A to Point B is still a bit of a slog at this point. Thankfully I found a Crank Credit™ worthy shortcut that gives me a whole lot of leeway. More on that in the next dev post.

2. Cut-Up Collage Lang

A language where every component is taken whole-cloth from a different conlang and it’s all stitched together in a grand exercise in baroque maximalism. Might have a final step where I run it through sound changes and dramatically pull away the curtain to show that I’ve somehow managed to turn it into a cohesive whole. To make it a challenge and to force myself to widen my inspiration, I’ve limited myself to one feature from each conlang and no more than two conlangs per creator.

Progress: I have a decent number of components locked in and a general idea of what I want the end product to look like, I just need the Muse to get on the same page as me so I can actually sit down and bang out a proper outline.

3. Generic Vernacular Fantasy Common

A conlang for generic fantasy dungeon-delving (an idea which I briefly dabbled with before but abandoned). The base lexicon would be derived from Proto-Celtic and Common Brittonic (the latter probably being the closest thing to GVF Common), with additions from existing conlangs / D&Disms to represent loanwords from assorted generic vernacular fantasy cultures and peoples (ex. Klingon words would be used to represent orcish loans).

With the implicit setting right there in the background, the cultural worldbuilding is going to be a bigger focus than the complexities of phonology or grammar. Right now the main idea is that the speakers live on the fringes of a collapsed / collapsing empire (British Isles after Roman withdrawal, pre Saxon invasion is my main comparison point) and they commonly find themselves employed as monster hunters, mercenaries, and delvers.

Hopefully the end result  will be engaging  enough for other folks to use (even if they just want “what’s the name of that town” or “I want to call goblins something different”.)

Progress: I’m still hammering out the sound changes to get it from P-Celtic to where I want it to be, but since P-Cletic is extremely close to Latin it is much, much easier than the never-ending headache of PIE proper. The spreadsheet is starting to get unruly, though. Thankfully, since I am starting from existing reconstructions, I have a wordlist to start with.

4. Huttese-but-good

When the languages of Star Wars come up, there’s a claim that OT audio producer Ben Burtt based the alien speech on real-world languages like Quechua, Tibetan, and Haya (an obscure-to-us Bantu language) - this might even be true, but it dodges the larger issue that the usage of alien languages in Star Wars is real fuckin’ racist. All the aliens speak gibberish and broken English (Huttese is straight-up just an English pidgin, yikes) and are trapped in a state of perpetual [Alien chattering]; our human cast, secure in their full cultural supremacy, never has to sully themselves with learning or speaking the local language.

Anyway this lang is “what if those core components were used for good”, because I think the underlying concepts are strong.

  • Sticking with the initial premise, this will be drawing phonology and grammar from Quechua, Tibetan, and Bantu languages (documentation on Haya specifically is hard to come by, at least when I checked.)
  • Background setting / in-universe positioning will be the lingua franca of the impoverished Rim worlds that are currently being encroached upon by the last gasps of an imperialist liberal democracy backsliding into fascism. There may or may not also be a decaying alien empire as well.


Mothership crossover is obviously an option I will try to take.

Progress: Phonology & phonotactics taken care of, plus a bullet list of the main grammatical features I want to include. Need to start generating words and translating things.

5. Georgian + Navajo

Starting with the consonant inventory of Georgian  and adding to it the vowel inventory of Navajo, I then make an about face and give it a strict CV syllable structure and a dead simple analytic grammar. No world or setting for this one, at least not to begin with. More just a “let’s see where we end up” type of deal.

Progress: I’ve got the generator presets taken care of, haven’t actually started any meanings to the words yet.

6. “Altaic”

So the Altaic macrofamily is a pareidolic phantom; a small but dedicated number of historical linguists have spent a whole lot of time and words reconstructing a competitor to PIE that they can lump half of Asia into, despite the fact that the language families they have lumped together aren’t actually related and only appear to be linked because of widespread sharing. The idea (hardly original, I know other people have done it before) is to take the reconstruction and use it as a springboard to make a conlang.

Progress: Some loose sketches of potential sound changes, nothing beyond that. Main issue here is that, predictably, the reconstruction chasing phantoms with bad methodology isn’t a very good reconstruction (and that’s by the standards of reconstructions, which aren’t very great to begin with). There’s a nice big wordlist, sure, but anything beyond tends to be pretty vague and unhelpful. This one is not likely to go anywhere.

7. Jp + Lt + Gr

A very simple conlang where I just mash up words I like from Latin, Greek, and Japanese, because the trajectory of my formative years was Dinosaur Kid > Weeb (I made a Yu-gi-oh expansion set based on The Future is Wild when I was 10 or 11). This premise crops up often just in how I normally write fantasy, MSF and otherwise (ex: calling the Gods of Man the anthropogami, giving Hecate the title daipetastos.) because the components are familiar enough for people to suss out what they mean and the novelty is in the combination.

Progress: I haven’t worked on this one in a long while, but I do have a couple pages of words selected and had started laying out the grammar basics.

8. Evolved English

An inevitability in this hobby: at some point, you’re going to try evolving your native language. For my take I want to start off with my own local dialect (Western PA English), add some traits from neighboring dialects (Midland, Appalachian, Southern, AAVE), apply a vaguely defined apocalyptic event (After the End rules apply here; I’m sure everything is fine) to get it isolated from other dialects, and then just see what wild places I can take it.

Progress: Got most of the early sound changes figured out; the biggest roadblock atm is getting test sentences prepped so I can actually apply them. Since English is a fucking nightmare pronunciation-wise, the default “General American” IPA is an accent that doesn’t actually exist that you then have to apply dialectical changes to. This wouldn’t normally be an issue, were it not for the fact that I have yet to find a version of the Harvard Sentences (or any other test sentences for that matter) that is already in IPA, so I have to go through and copy paste WORD BY WORD from the million-plus entry IPA dictionary spreadsheet I’m using. Tedious as fuck.

Also, and this is an optional thing, I got it in my head to do a phonetic analysis of my own voice. PRAAT is free, after all, and that’s field standard. Even if it’s not much use for the project (or even if it doesn’t get off the ground), I think it’d be fun.

9. Alchemy Lang

A spin on one of those Enlightenment-era taxonomic languages (such as the philosophical language of John Wilkins, later edited by George Edmonds), this time for occultism purposes. I have basically nothing but the concept for this one, other than a bullet list of “okay so there are three primes, four elements, seven planets / metals, 12 steps in the magnum opus split into 4 stages, 72 demons in the Ars Goetia…”

Just copying and modifying Wilkins / Edmonds work would save a lot of effort, but digitizations of both are lacking.

10. Language of the 5 Peoples

An extremely overdue and wholly invalid entry to the r/conlangs 19th Speedlang challenge. The premise for that one was to select a clade of organisms, choose a handful of locations where those organisms are found, and then choosing languages from those regions as the basis for a conlang.

While I only have a brief outline, my choice of clade was “thinking beings” (as in MSF) and ended up with the following selection:

  • Human (????)
  • Elephant (Swahili, Maasai, or Marathi)
  • Orca (Haida)
  • Corvid (Icelandic)
  • Octopus (Hawaiian)

Never really decided what I wanted to do with the representative human language. Options I've considered include

  • Basque (Pro: Non PIE isolate, lots of Neanderthal sites in northeastern France; Con: Quack linguists get really weird about Basque and I'm certain someone out there has actually theorized that it is a descendant of Neanderthal language and even brushing up against that sits poorly with me.)
  • Sumerian (Pro: Earliest written language, also an isolate and long-dead; Con: Too associated with empire for the vibes I want to pursue with this one.)
  • Afar (Pro: Primary language of the region where Lucy's skeleton was found; Con: Documentation less easy to come by compared to Amharic)
  • Proto-Dené-Yeneseian (Pro: Reconstructed language hypothesized to have descendants on both sides of the Bering Straight (extremely thematically appropriate), is one of the least whackadoodle macrofamily proposals; Con: Being both the least whackadoodle macrofamily proposal means that there's less just making shit up and thus barely any material to use, not to mention that lack of usable material leaves it in a permanent state of extremely speculative. Also the entire subject is extremely depressing considering that there is exactly one surviving Yeneseian language (Ket) and it has less than 60 speakers (and the rest of the Siberian languages aren't faring much better. I think Chukchi is doing the best out of the lot of them, and it has maybe 8.5K speakers.)

The others I picked primarily for mythic association (sans Swahili, which is there mostly for geographic proximity / I Just Think it's Neat reasons), but that logic really doesn't work out well when one tries to apply it to humans as a whole. So I either need a bolt from the blue, a change in my approach, or just shelve the idea.


11. Character Sheet Conlang

This is actually a means of generating a conlang by translating the stats and options of an rpg character sheet into the phonology and grammatical features of a language. I picked 5e due to both ubiquity/familiarity and the number of moving parts (and sometimes it’s nice to show that the game still has some use since Wizards has catastrophically dropped the bag.)

So for example, your people and class will give you your starting phonology and the cultural context of the language, character alignment is now morphosyntactic alignment, stat bonuses and skill proficiencies will add new features and components, so on and so forth.

Progress: I was stumped on this one for a while, but recently have been able to work my way through the roadblock. Could whip up a proof of concept version in relatively little time.

12. Heraldry-based neography

Using heraldry as a writing system, where each shield is a syllable or full word. Could be its own conlang, could be the simple version of just a way to write existing languages (Latin would be the natural choice). Either way, a fun semi-shitpost idea.

13. Deriving words from Star Wars

Different idea: take the names of planets and aliens and characters in Star Wars and use them as the root words for a conlang ex. “Hoth” would be the root for “snow”, “Tatooine” becomes “ta + tuwin” / “sand + country”, etc. Everything would be shifted and mangled and transformed, of course. Since planets and aliens in Star Wars are just one thing with little nuance or variation, it's a good source for simple concepts.

Scope creep filled up the spreadsheet with loads of other names and words from other space opera franchises, and then things that weren’t space opera, and I wasn’t really doing anything meaningful or transformative with the pieces beyond accumulating more of them so this one is kinda dead in the water. Which is a shame, because I really liked a few of the parts (such as "Obi-wan" becoming the word for grandfather, odiwa.)

If I wanted to go back and make this useful, I think I would have to cut back on the scope (ie, cut out everything that's not Star Wars, and maybe even cut out a lot of the expanded universe) and focus more on building upon the root words / reverse-engineering grammar (ex. Mustafar became "mus + tafar" / "among flame", but I didn't do much of this to my own detriment.)

I might scavenge this for Idea 3, if I am not able / wanting to make it become it's own thing.

(Aside: Getting rid of my copy of The Essential Atlas haunts me to this day. It's easily one of the best pieces of "let's try and make Star Wars make any sense at all" exegesis out there, not to mention I am a notorious space map enjoyer. Extremely poor judgement on my part.)

(Aside x2: There is a dream in my brain of translating the Star Wars galaxy map into a single fantasy world map. Not the entire fucking thing, of course, but something that takes advantage of the shared vernacular shorthand of Star Wars for fantasy purposes. This is for another time.)

14. 3-Letter Acronym Lang

Via Bad Conlanging Ideas;

#461 Make a triconsonantal root-based language, where the roots are taken from Internet slang or other common abbreviations: b-r-b “to return”, w-t-f “to be surprised”, s-f-w “to be appropriate for children”, t-b-h “to speak frankly”, etc. 

Haven't done anything with this at all, but it's a fun gag and there's certainly no shortage of TLAs out there to use. Certainly a lot easier than doing a naturalistic triconsonantal root system.

 **

And there you have it; not even the full list, as there were several more that I know for certain just aren't going to go anywhere at all. Languages 1, 2, 3, & 11 have the best chance of seeing the light of day, 4, 5 7, 8, 13 and maybe 14 are decent enough odds, 6, 9, 10 and 12 are lowest chance of ever seeing fruition. That be how the crumble cookies, sometimes.

Thursday, April 24, 2025

A Quest for Leslie Stone

A couple nights ago, as the Youtube algorithm flailed desperately in an attempt to parse my viewing history into something advertisers can understand, I was recommended a video with maybe 200 views about a pulp science fiction author named Leslie F. Stone. I'd never heard of her before, but "sci-fi author I have never heard of" + "public domain" is a guaranteed way to get my attention. So I brought up her Wikipedia page and started digging.

Leslie wrote from 1929 - 1940, all of them short stories published across the pulp magazine ecosystem (sans a compilation book published in 1967 and a short autobiographical essay in 1974). Quite a few of these stories are definitely public domain, and the rest are cozy in that grey area of "did it get renewed or not?"

But when I checked Gutenberg, she only had one story to her name - 1929's When the Sun Went Out.

There's a quote (that I can't remember the source of off the top of my head) that's something like this: the  history of women (or queer people, or people of color) in genre fiction has to constantly start over from 0, because they are consistently left out, forgotten, overwritten, sidelined, and ignored by the historical narrative. The same sort of narrative that leads to thinkpieces in whatever thinkpiece magazine du jour is announcing with self-satisfied triumph that science fiction is written by women, now - as if they hadn't been writing it from the beginning.

And once that got in my head, the next thought was "if not now, when?"

I haven't felt this fired up (positive) about something for a long, long while. Let's see if I can sustain it.

Here's Stone's bibliography, sorted according the year and copyright status. Would not have been able to do this without an extremely helpful Kirkus Reviews article which provided the magazine and month for each of her stories (which are left out of her Wikipedia page)

Already on Project Gutenberg

  • When the Sun Went Out (1929)

Very Definitely in the Public Domain

  • Out of the Void (Amazing Stories, Aug-Sep 1929)
  • Men With Wings (Air Wonder Stories, Jul 1929)
  • Women with Wings (Air Wonder Stories, May 1930)
  • Through the Veil (Amazing Stories, May 1930)
  • Letter of the 24th Century (Amazing Stories, Dec 1930)

Very Definitely Not in the Public Domain

  • Out of the Void (1967 novel version)
  • Day of the Pulps (1974) 

Possibly in the Public Domain

  • Across the Void (Amazing Stories Apr-May-Jun 1931)
  • The Conquest of Gola (Wonder Stories, Apr 1931)
  • The Hell Planet (Wonder Stories, Jun 1932)
  • The Man Who Fought a Fly (Amazing Stories, Oct 1932)
  • Gulliver, 3000 A.D. Wonder Stories, May 1933)
  • The Rape of the Solar System (Amazing Stories, Dec 1934)
  • Cosmic Joke (Wonder Stories, Jan 1935)
  • The Man With the Four-Dimensional Eyes (Wonder Stories, Aug 1935)
  • When the Flame-Flowers Blossomed (Weird Tales, Nov 1935)
  • The Fall of Mercury (Amazing Stories, Dec 1935)
  • The Human Pets of Mars (Amazing Stories, Oct 1936)
  • The Great Ones (Astounding Stories, Jul 1937)
  • Death Dallies Awhile (Weird Tales, Jun 1938)
  • The Space Terror (Wikipedia says 1939, Kirkus Reviews doesn't provide a magazine, but searching the name got me a zine called Spaceways, where it appears in Issue #7.)
  • Gravity Off! (Future Fiction, Jul 1940)

A cursory search through the UPenn periodical copyright renewals database doesn't ping for any renewals of the stories, but since we're trying to prove a negative here I'm going to double-check with New York Public Library's renewals database.

Then once I have a list and find all the scans, I guess all that's left is to start transcribing. Somehow, after over 30 years on this planet, I only learned earlier today about Distributed Proofreaders

Who knows how it will go, but let's see where it ends up.

 

 

Saturday, April 12, 2025

Sidrak the Sage Asks Some Questions

The blame for this can fall squarely on the Maniculum for introducing me to Sidrak and Bokkus, a medieval text wherein a Babylonian king named Bokkus (or Boctus, or Boccus…) asks several hundred questions to the philosopher Sidrak (or Sidrach, or Sydrac…) who provides some absolutely bonkers medieval-logic answers.

Unfortunately, the Middle English translation doesn’t seem to be easily available online, there is no modern English translation, and the dual-manuscript scholarly edition doesn’t have an ebook or the decency to release after creative commons was invented (This is my box of “translations of ancient and medieval texts should be released under creative commons so that people can freely read and share them” brand soap), and I am too impatient for interlibrary loan. It is on Internet Archive, but you have to have an account and check it out. (As of writing, the volume with the index of questions is checked out by someone else: damn you artificial digital scarcity!)

Anyway: since the master list of goofy medieval worldbuilding questions is out of my reach, I will content myself for now by using the ones that the Maniculum has used for its April Fool’s Day game show episodes.

Some of these questions are very clearly written by a Frenchman in the high middle ages, and are thus exemplars of being weird and uncomfortable.

IMPORTANT EDIT: Skerples has, in an act of sudden heroism, compiled the entire index. The questions are now available.

***


Brother Sidrak has spent the greater part of thirty years compiling a comprehensive survey of the Known World’s knowledge. From east to west and north to south he has wandered along the trade roads and pilgrimage paths with his Book of Questions, seeking volunteers for his great scholastic project. Anyone even modestly cooperative (and in many cases, not cooperative at all) will be peppered with selections from his list of 400-odd queries; whatever answers they give will be dutifully recorded and indexed for later tallying as he calculates which nations and peoples are more or less misguided and in need of salvation (He’s not doing this whole thing to find any answers - he’s certain that he already has them - only to see what other people’s answers are.)

  • Appearance: Wrinkled, sun-darkened skin. Habit patched so many times that it now makes for surprisingly good desert camouflage. Thick grey hair and beard turned off-brown from accumulated dust and grime.
  • Manner: Inquisitive, hyperfocused, performatively pious. Enjoys facts and lore, cares little for context or nuance. Does not consider differing worldviews worth arguing with or understanding, only recording.
  • Wants: To compile all the Known World’s knowledge in a single work (with his name on it, of course); to prove that his sect (and by extension himself) has all the answers.
  • Secret: Has a bastard son out there who has come into some notoriety on his own.


The following answers and their attendant questions were selected at random from volume twelve of the fifth book, The Vulgar, Also Called Cutters, Delvers, Vagrants, Hobos, and Gentlemen of the Road.

***


1. How are birds held aloft in the air?

  • “All birds are avatars of the Simiurgh, who alone possesses the power of flight.”
  • “Their bones are hollow and very light, and their wings push against the air like our feet push against the earth.”
  • “As offspring of the dragon and the phoenix, birds are aligned with both fire and air, and thus naturally live above the earth and sea”
  • “It’s punishment for their rebellion against the giants in the age before the sun.”
  • “They are puppetted around on strings by Atlakhnakha for her amusement and our ruin.”
  • “What the fuck is a bird?”


2. What becomes of falling stars after they fall?

  • “Ever seen a fresh angel corpse? Wildest shit. They’ve got white meat, gold blood, feathers like a peacock show, and they don't rot. There’s one out past Jangar, fell a couple decades ago. Splattered itself across half the township when it hit. Might still be some bones left.”
  • “The smith-priests of Kogan-Usan forge their metallic cores into the weapons of kings. Three are known to us, four are missing, an eighth is suspected and a ninth is pure supposition.”
  • “They hatch into a dragon.”
  • “They disgorge a legion of evil spirits and vile phantasms, after which they suck the vril from the land and poison all plants and animals that live there. They do this to restore their inner fires before returning to the heavens.”


3. Why is the Moon cold and the Sun hot?

  • “The moon used to be hot, but it died and cooled off. That was before the demons took it over from the Moon King.”
  • “If you look closely, you can see the sigil of the Frost Witch inscribed on the cislunar surface.”
  • “Well one of them’s on fucking fire, ain’t it?”
  • “It’s only temporary; the seasons of the heavenly bodies are extremely long, and they run opposite each other. The sun will enter autumn soon, and the moon will warm in its spring.”
  • “The sun was made of Ghanjuk’s golden heart, the moon from his blinded left eye.”
  • “You’ve got it backwards; heat and cold are extensions of Sunness and Moonness.”


4. Of which are there more, grains of earth or drops of water?

  • “Trick question; their natural state is a singular whole, as evidenced by the tendency of both substances to coalesce. In this way every grain of earth and every drop of water is merely a temporary and circumstantial separation.”
  • “They are two elements in a single substance, just in different concentrations along a dirt-water gradient.”
  • “This line of inquiry was judged to be of sufficient stupidity to revoke the favor of Heaven and  banned at the Council of Hanharrat, as was the counting of angels found on pinheads; you are committing heresy by entertaining it.”


5. How many stars are in the sky?

  • “Doesn’t matter, you only need to care about the seven that hate you.”
  • “Twenty-one myriads of myriads, exactly. Minus one for the Betrayer.”
  • “Only one star exists, and it is the Sun; the things called stars are enormous luminescent creatures similar to a great fish or a whale that drift through the aether and feed on moonlight.”

 

6. Why are some people tall and some short?

  • “God saw fit to put the manhood of my enemies at the level of my fists.”
  • “Trends of height come from residual influence of the giants. Most likely, the very tall were born in a land above one of the more intact corpses.”
  • “The gods play dice with each soul, and this determines the qualities of the body they inhabit.”


7. What kind of apple did Adam eat?

  • “It wasn’t the apple that was the issue, it was the cider. Drunkenness is the root of all evils.”
  • “It was the golden fruit of the Hesperides, stolen by Eris and tossed casually into the garden as Adam was naming the zoa and valar. Adam, of course, escalated matters when his answer to the question of who was most beautiful was to ask to sleep with all three of the Tridevae. Simultaneously. He was ambitious, if nothing else.”
  • “Common misconception, there are no apples in the land of Uz: it was a fig. A nasty, rotten fig filled with the larvae of wasps, for good and evil is terrible knowledge to have.”
  • “Eve’s.” [Sidrak notes here that he does not know why the woman waggled her tongue.]
  • “As best as modern scholarship can determine, it was the fruiting body of a shoggoth that had entered its sessile semi-vegetative life stage. This triggered a dramatic increase in neuron density.”
  • “A stolen one. The angels had entrusted Lilith with care of the Tree; Adam wished to be like God but would not stand for having to share it with anyone else.”


8. Why do people sneeze?

  • “Dust? Pollen? I don’t know what you want from me, man, my nose gets tickled and I sneeze.”
  • “Some people say it is caused by invisible sickness spirits: modern natural science has taught us that it is in fact caused by extremely small sickness spirits!”
  • “Your ancestors are fucking in the underworld.”
  • “It’s the signal of a failed der0 transmission from the Air Loom.”
  • “Your astral self has detected the presence of a nearby ghost.”
  • “The air at the bottom of  your lungs is old and needs replaced."


9. What is the greenest thing in the world?

  • “Couldn’t tell you, I’m colorblind.”
  • “The gossamer robes of the Emerald Emperor, lord of all elves.”
  • “There is no green more beautiful than the countenance of Yha’galuush, orc god(dess) of love and sex. To see a single glimpse of them is to see the greatest treasure on the earth.”
  • “A tree in early summer, about midmorning or so, when the sun is warm and the sky is clear, and a faint breeze rustles the leaves above your head.”
  • “Saw this one malachite idol once. Someone in one of the other cutter camps had dragged it out of the Tomb of the Serpent Kings and was showing it off. Got his ass cursed for it. Anyway, it was really green.”


10. What is the best animal?

  • “Dogs is gods, y’know.”
  • “The elephant; they are both the wisest and most moral of all creatures, far beyond mankind in both capacities.”
  • “There’s this kind of slug down below - very brightly colored, glows in the dark - that feeds on blood. Its ooze foams up and gets gummy when it hits air, and it cleans inflection from a wound. See this scar on my neck? Woulda died without one of those things. Don’t eat em, though, poisonous as hell; numbs you for a while, then excruciating pain.”
  • “The Questing Beast is of symbolic primacy, for it is the human condition; chasing that which we can’t ever catch.”
  • “Dragons. Because if they can die, so can kings.”
  • “Is not man merely an ape who has stolen fire from the gods?”


11. Why is seawater salty?

  • “They are made of the Moon’s tears, after she was rebuked by the archons for changing her face.”
  • “Lot’s wife was a giant, one of the Nephilim.”
  • “It was struck by the star of Wormwood at the birth of the gods.”
  • “It used to be blood!”
  • “It is a vast dilute ooze, slowly dissolving the stone of the world.”
  • “Fish piss.”

 

12. When dogs fuck, why are they more tightly joined than other animals?

  • [Much of the page is taken up by a bloodstain and a note explaining that the interviewee, a cynocephalon from the kingdom of Prester John, had punched Brother Sidrak very hard in the nose when asked this question.]


13. Why did God make the Earth round like a ball?

  • “It is the ideal shape for pondering.”
  • “Easier for the elephants to keep balanced on their backs when the turtle moves, discs are usually too unstable for life to develop.”
  • If you look at this diagram you will see that it is in fact a concave depression surrounded by vast walls of ice that then forms a dodecahedron…”


14. Is magic real?

  • “Earlier today I lit a man on fire by snapping my fingers and then sold his possessions to a talking plant who walks the dying neurons of Yog-Sothoth. What do you fucking think?”
  • “As everything that exists exists within nature, the supernatural cannot exist. Magic exists, therefore it is natural, and therefore it is not magic.”


15. Where in the body does the soul live?

  • “In the lungs, with the breath.”
  • “In the heart, with the blood.”
  • “In the stomach, with the heat.”
  • “In the testicles, with the seed.”
  • “In the eyes, the brain, and the hands, where ideas turn to actions.”
  • “In the womb, where two are made one.”


16. Why are some people white, some black, and some brown?

  • “Presumably because they are not blue, red, or purple as they are in my homeland.”
  • “You see only three colors in mankind? Such dullness”
  • “I can only speak to the first; an albinic is a test from the gods, to see if men lose their wits and their morals when confronted with one who is different.”
  • “Because humans, sadly, have lost their beautiful fur.”
  • “God ran out of colored ink after painting all the birds and fish.”


17. If someone is deaf, blind, and mute, in what language do they think?

  • “The feral howling that undergirds all of reality.”
  • “Standardized Mi-Go Interface Language, if their ancestry can be traced back to Atlantis; otherwise they will think in either Ural-Altaic, Dravido-Koreanic, or Dene-Caucasian depending on which son of Noah their people descend from.”
  • “None at all; they will think in pure thought, as the gods do. This is why they are so powerful in the magical arts.”


18. How should one remove a bone or thorn stuck in the throat?

  • “Don’t eat things with thorns? Or at least pluck them out first, Jesus.”
  • “The Von Heimlich Maneuver.”
  • “I keep forgetting humans can’t just eat bones.”


19. Should the rich be judged in the same way as the poor?

  • “Gods, I wish.”
  • “No, because at least that way they’re honest about fucking us over.”
  • “Of course not! Do you understand how long it took to quarantine all the rich men of the world on the Golden Isle? Bringing them to court for any of their heinous crimes against God, nature, and their fellow man would remind them that the rest of us exist! May God bless and keep those bastards as far away from us as possible.”
  • “I do not know. We do not have poor men in my country, though  I suspect it is because we have yet to invent rich men.”


20. Why does shit stink?

  • “It’s filled with the angry but extremely weak ghosts of everything you ate.”
  • “You’d smell like shit too if you were chewed up and dunked in stomach bile.”
  • “All the good qualities of the food have been taken into the body, leaving behind only the bad parts, and this produces the miasmatic effect.”


21. What animal lives the longest?

  • “It’s a sliding scale of turtles. Small turtles, medium turtles, big turtles, zaratans, world-turtles, turtles all the way up and down.”
  • “Not animals, but trees: Mighty Pando was old long before mankind was shaped from the clay.”
  • “I was nineteen, and had just signed up with a mercenary company heading eastward. We went all the way to World’s End Lake before turning round, but when we were there - I don’t even recall what we were doing there anymore - we saw the Dragon. Not a dragon, the Dragon. She that watched the iron star fall from the sky and destroy the world of the Feathered Men. Was nearly eighty years ago now that I saw her, and those years are nothing. She has lived them a thousand thousand times over.”


22. What are the best colors of clothing to wear?

  • “Context-dependent on what monster is trying to eat you - some manner of dappled green, brown, or grey is good for general purpose, but you’ll want to be careful about the saturation and contrast depending on what colors it can see. Not knowing a monster’s visible spectrum is a sure way for a greenhorn to get killed. Oh, and scrambler patterns are good to throw off enemy wizards, they have a real difficult time targeting you if they can’t make out your face.”
  • “Blue. Dunno why, I just like it.”
  • “A black tunic with a white sash, for that is what Emar wore when he assassinated the Five-and-One Emperors.”


23. What is the worthiest day of the year?

  • “The vernal equinox, when we renew our vows with the spirits of the world.”
  • “May the 25th, in honor of the One-Night Republic and the start of the Revolution.”
  • “Calendrical division of time is arbitrary and false; all days are sacred.”
  • “Every alternating Friday, ‘cause that’s when the paycheck clears.”
  • “The vigil night of Inti, our lost Bringer of Day.”


24. What happens to fire after it goes out?

  • “It reverts to its invisible aerial state as phlogiston.”
  • “It is gone forever, and the cosmos is diminished.”
  • “It returns to the smaller sun. Mankind has yet to steal fire from the greater sun.”
  • “It is dead, having reached the end of its lifespan. Such elementals are brief things, compared with those of water and earth, yet not so brief as those of the air.”


25. How may a child come out of its mother’s womb?

  • “Bloody, naked, and screaming battle-cries against this cruel world and its demiurge.”
  • “Sometimes by surgery, sometimes by miracle, usually with great difficulty.”
  • “What is a ‘womb’? Is that a variety of forge? Do you not carve new descendants out of the living stone?”
  • “I’ve had three of the little bastards, and let me tell you, we made a mistake when we gave up laying eggs.”
  • “You…use their true name to summon them out of the mother without pain or struggle? Like a reasonable person?”


26. How many children may a woman carry in her womb at one time?

  • “One to three, barring any mythical importance. Then it can go up to seven, though I only know of one case in written memory. Which means we have two or possibly just one left before the end of the world, to satisfy the Law of Threes.”


27. What causes animals to go mad?

  • “The Hell Star, obviously.”
  • “Cannibalism of their own kind. Prion disease is scary shit.”
  • “Long-term isolation within a zoological garden.”
  • “Pain, stress, and loneliness, otherwise diseases of the mind or the influence of dread powers. Same as with man.”


28. Which women give the most benefit & delight to men?

  • “I do, it’s me, it was me all along. My hips don’t lie and my thighs save lives. You’re welcome, men.”
  • “Call me when you find a man who provides any benefit or delight to a woman and I might have an answer for you.”
  • “Making some bold assumptions today, are we?”
  • “A succubus woven from the hot black flame, bound by mask and name to fit the sorcerer’s specific desires. She will, inevitably and justly, stick a knife in his neck and string his corpse from the tower balcony as a warning.”
  • “I do not consent to adventure in your magical realm. Away wi’ ye, foul wizard!”


29. What is the best and worst body part of man?

  • “Oh fuck you, man. This is such an obvious setup to get me to say ‘his cock’, and then you’ll launch into a sermon about the importance of semen retention or some shit.”
  • “His cock, obviously.”


30. Why did Noah take evil animals, such as scorpions, adders, and snakes, onto the ark?

  • “He owed the Serpent a favor.”
  • “I question why snakes are here twice while wasps are not mentioned at all. Scorpions only sting you if you fuck around with them and then you deserve it.”
  • “One; because God said every animal. Two; no animal but man has knowledge of good and evil and thus all harmful animals are innocent by way of ignorance.”
  • “Ah, it’s metaphorical, you see. Representative of a mass extinction event some thirty thousand years before Christ that saw a resurgence of the flying polyps.”


31. Which gives greater cunning, hot food or cold food?

  • “Well, it’s not whatever I’m eating now. What the fuck is with you people and food temperature?”
  • “If I eat a frozen chili pepper, is it cold or hot?”
  • “Do I look like someone who cooks their food? I’m a fucking ghoul.”
  • “Hot, naturally; you try thinking straight with a brain freeze.”
  • “Cold, obviously; hot foods overheat and may potentially melt the brain. Your thoughts become sluggish, in any case.”
  • “You must be one of those ‘salt has too much flavor’ types, eh?”


32. Sort from most to least numerous: animals, humans, fish, birds

  • “Trick question; all of these are fish.”
  • “What the fuck is a bird?”


33. Should people greet each other whenever they meet?

  • “Hardly! Repeated headbutting, even for an orc, is bound to leave lasting damage.”


34. Which is worthier, maidenhood or virginity?

  • “I have dealt with a lot of men who can’t get any and I used to be a preteen girl: both groups possess an immeasurable capacity for evil.”
  • “Best of all is to be a kind and considerate lover.”
  • “Never ask this question again.”
  • “Motherfuckers like you who think virginity is magical are why I was sold into slavery in a unicorn slaughterhouse when I was eight. Crawl up your own ass and drown in shit.”


35. How are worms bred in the body and how do they feed?

  • “Oh, do you not know? Congratulations! Today you get to learn about endoparasitic wasps!”


36. On what day and at what time will the Final Judgement occur?

  • “Whatever the day, thanks to time zones it will take place at all hours at once.”
  • “The final judgement will never occur, as the increased population of Earth has clearly overloaded the celestial bureaucracy and made it unable to render preliminary judgement - that’s why no one gets smote anymore.”
  • “No one knows the day or the hour, dipshit.”


Saturday, April 5, 2025

Lets Build a PIE Conlang 2: Water and Fire

Part 1: Introduction and *h₁n̥gʷnís

Let’s get right into it.

1. *wódr̥

This is the most common recon!PIE word for water, surprising absolutely no one. It's not the only word, but it is the generic one vs the more active "body of water" found in *h2ep. I’m actually going to do this one backwards.

1.1 -r̥

*wódr̥ is a fun one, because it’s what’s called a heteroclitic stem: In the “strong” cases (nominative, vocative, and accusitive) it ends in *-r̥, but in the “weak” cases (everything else, but genitive is the standard example), we find an *-n̥ where we’d expect to find an *-r̥ (ie *wódr̥ / *wédn̥s).

This is one of the clearest traces we have of PIE’s internal history: r/n stems are pretty rare outside of the Anatolian languages, indicating that they’re the leftovers of an older system (just what I am looking for), and the trace of an old sound change is obvious. They’re all also neuter nouns, so another point for animacy distinction.

Since it ends in a syllabic consonant, I can slot in an **ə in front of *-r̥, being a reduced / unstressed **a.  Then I just wind back *r < **n  and we have **-an and a new step to our sound-change list

Final N > R Shift: **n > *r when word final, following an unstressed **a / **ə

(This is going to need more specificity in the future, because we’ve got those pesky *-mn̥ stems to deal with.)

Word progress: -an

1.2 d

Plain voiced stop, no special circumstances, this is going to be **t’ (or, since the stress is on the first syllable, **’t.)

Word progress: -’tan

1.3 ó

No avoiding it now; it’s time to rip off the bandage and talk about vowels.

Traditional recon!PIE operates on the assumption that every syllable has a vowel slot, which can potentially hold *e, *o, the long versions of those vowels, or nothing at all. These are called “grades”, and are used to describe ablaut patterns: a slot is in such-and-such a grade in these cases, then shifts to another slot in other cases, it’s such-and-such grade when stressed, and this-or-that grade when unstressed. It’s all terribly complicated.

*a doesn’t fit into the ablaut patterns at all, so a lot of reconstructioneers will say “oh it’s an allophone of *e when adjacent to *h2” because that does fit ablaut patterns, and every other case will be written off as a marginal phoneme inherited from nursery talk or loanwords.

This runs into two problems: Problem 1 is that the traditional ablaut patterns might not be true in the first place. Paul Kiparsky (2010) suggests an alternative that he calls the Compositional Model, where stress placement previously treated as arbitrary ablaut patterns are the result of a process of several underlying rules applied in a specific order. This theory has not caught on with PIE studies at large (likely because it throws out like 50% of the entire field), but I find it a lot more appealing, understandable, and reasonable than the patterns and paradigms.

Problem 2 is that there are languages with only two vowels out there - conveniently located right next door in the Caucasuses - but those vowels are never /e/ and /o/. All the languages that have only two or three vowels will distinguish them by height, not by backness.
  • Abkhaz has either /ɨ/ and /a/ or /ə/ and /a/, depending on who you ask.
  • Kabardian and Adyghe have /ə/, /a~ɐ/, and /ā/.
  • Ubykh and Arente have /ə/ and /a/
(Note: these languages tend to have a lot of allophonic variation, where the underlying vowel is pronounced differently according to its surroundings - similar to what is reconstructed for PIE. So you can get an [ə] that sounds like /i/ or /u/.)

You will notice that all of these languages have /a/. In fact, the only languages I know of that don’t have /a/ are Arapaho and its closest relatives, and even then they have /i/ and /u/ to pick up the slack and it’s clear by comparison to the rest of the family that they had /a/ at some point and later lost it.

So either real!PIE had a vowel system that has never before been documented in a human language, or recon!PIE is using misleading symbols out of tradition.

(You can guess which side I come down on)

Kümmel (2012) posits that at least in early PIE, *e was **æ  ~ **a and *o was **ɑ, which was itself descended from ***ā. This is, ultimately, the base I will be using because it requires the least amount of jumping through hoops (I will still be jumping through hoops, and I don't have all the edge cases hammered out yet, so for now all we need to care about is that *ó is **(I’m using circumflexes for when it is both long and stressed)

Word progress: -â’tan

1.4 w

I have two options available
  • Option 1: *w in this environment is **w, final word is **wâ’tan
  • Option 2: Long high vowels (**ī, **ū) split into (**ya, **wa) > (*yo, *wo) when word-initial. Final word is **ʔû’tan.
Erring on the side of aesthetics, I gotta go with Option 2. That’s a goodass word right there, we’re cooking with ‘ank’ʷani now!

2. *péh₂wr̥

This is the other recon!PIE word for fire, which was much more common than *h₁n̥gʷnís and represented fire as a substance (-r̥ on the end is a sure sign of a neuter noun)

2.1 p

*p is **p, no issues here.

Word Progress: p-

2.2 éh₂

At last, my nemesis reveals itself.

*h₂ is the reconstructioneer’s magic bullet. You can drop it in anywhere to explain anything: it can turn *e into *a, it can turn short vowels long, it can aspirate voiceless stops, it explains ablaut paradigms; it can be a consonant, it can be a vowel, it can be a consonant that acts like a vowel or a vowel that acts like a consonant. Depending on who you ask it, it can be reconstructed as *q, *qq, *x, , , *h, or *a. I am certain there’s a paper out there claiming with utmost sincerity that it can turn lead into gold and resurrect the dead.

Kümmel (2022) once again saves the day with what I think is the most convincing argument. Short version:
  • The *h₂*h₃ laryngeals inherited into the Anatolian languages were a fortis-lenis pair (likely voiced/unvoiced) of uvular consonants - probably fricatives, but stops is possible in the extremely early stages.
  • This applies only to Anatolian languages and Homsar Hol, since it’s clear that they work differently in Strongmadian and Strongsadian PIE.
This all aligns with [A PAPER THAT I LOST THE LINK TO GOD DAMN IT], who comes to a similar conclusion by analyzing Anatolian terms that were loaned into neighboring languages that had more robust scripts (Anatolian languages were mostly written with inherited cuneiform, which wasn’t designed whatsoever for them). All fine and good, but I am still not satisfied. Time for some major creative license and a new list of principles:
  • I am operating under the assumption that the *H series changed so radically between Homsar Hol and later Strongmadian and Strongsadian PIE that they were essentially independent sound systems.
  • If there’s attestation in an Anatolian language (ie, if shows up), there’s definitely a laryngeal there (either *h₂ or *h₃, they used the same symbol for both)
  • If an Anatolian cognate shows no sign of *h₂ but it’s reconstructed with one anyway, the reconstruction is incorrect and there was just normal **a.
  • If there’s no Anatolian cognate at all, we go by secondary evidence and vibes.
  • Voiceless aspirates in Indic languages are decent evidence of a laryngeal being there, though I am less certain on what kind.
  • Long vowels on their own are not sufficient evidence, since there are other ways for long vowels to form than just through laryngeal deletion + compensatory lengthening.
    • Example: *muHs (“mouse”) is typically reconstructed with an unknown laryngeal to explain why the descendants have a long /u/ - I am going to apply  Szemerényi's law and Occam’s Razor and say that either A) the original form was *mus-s and Sze’s law kicked in as normal or B) it was originally *mu-s and Sandall & Byrd (2014) are correct.
  • Greek Triple Reflex is insufficient justification on its own - if there’s no other evidence, I’m saying it was probably just a regular-degular vowel. Maybe if the vibes are good I’ll pick and choose.
  • If the only justification for there being a laryngeal present is vowel coloration, it’s suspect.
  • *h₃ had a backing effect, not a rounding effect; if it turned *e into *o because of labialization, then the *Kʷ series would have done it as well.
  • If all other options are exhausted and there is no way to rule out a laryngeal or identify it, the dice decide. 1-2 are *h₁, 3-4 are *h₂ , 5-6 are *h₃.

Finally getting back to the word at had, this one comes with easy Anatolian attestation via Hittite paḫḫur and Luwian pāḫur. That double form is unique to  *h₂, so I’m going to add a bog-standard unvoiced uvular fricative **χ. *e is **a, naturally.

(I could have *h₂ = **q, but I am saving **q for the time being.)

Word Progress: paχ-

2.3 wr̥

Here we get another heteroclitic stem; the *r̥ is **n, but we do have another variable with the vowel. This ending is attested in Hittite as -war, so I'm going to make things easy for myself and go with **-wan; since it's an unstressed vowel we get a nice clean shift of **-wan > **-war > *-wr, with Anatolian languages either inheriting **-war whole cloth, or just adding an /a/ back in.
 
Final Word: paχwan

3. Dictionary entries

  • ʔû’tan (IN): Water as a general substance, regardless of size, state, drinkability, or other factors. Generic, non-branded water.
  • páχwan (IN): Fire; typically a controlled fire (campfire, cooking fire, fire for illumination, etc)

Since I started with words that were all a root + a suffix, I can add some derivational suffixes as well.
  1. ʔank’ʷaní = ʔank’ʷa + (a)n + í
  2. ʔû’tan = ʔû’t + an
  3. páχwan = páχ + u/w + an
Which, after tweaking the existing definitions, end up as
  • -(a)n (SUF) - Generic inanimate / passive nominalizer; turns root verbs into nouns
  • -i (SUF) - Forms nouns of animacy / activity
  • -ani (SUF) - Forms animate / active (but not agent) nouns from verb roots
  • -u/w (SUF) - Forms action nouns from verb roots
  • -wan (SUF)  - Forms object nouns from verb roots

Or to break it down:

  • páχ- = "to warm"
  • páχ-w-  = "(the action of) warming"
  • páχ-w-an = "warming thing"

 

4. Corrections and Revisions 

Despite liking Glen Gordon's "labiovelars come from reduction of an older /u/" theory, it doesn't really jive with how I'm going to be handling vowels anymore: that step has been axed. Since only one word was effected, that barely means anything.
 

5. Conclusion

Well, I'm having fun. Don't know about all y'all, but I'm having fun. So much idle musing and scribbling on sticky notes is finally starting to become something coherent - honestly, I think it's the format that does it. Much easier to get my thoughts in order when I force myself to describe it to an audience step-by-step.
 
It's honestly a really cool feeling seeing things start to snowball - with the right groundwork and basic rules laid down, the rest just kinda flows naturally.
 
I think I have one more of these in the tank for the time being, then doubtlessly more stuff later on down the line. Don't want to overdo it and scare everyone away.